if You are talkin' bout paper 4:
2(a)(iv): Look at triangle 'X', its points have moved from triangle U, parallel to the Y -axis, yet its area remains the same as triangle U. Hence, it is a shear.
Now look at each individual point that has moved, (from U onto X) and hence determine the Shear factor, using the formula Shear factor = Distance a point has moved due to a shear (divided by) its distance from the invariant line. In a shear, the invariant line and parallel line are the same, hence, using the formula you get shear factor as 1.
Therefore the transformation can be described as: A shear with the Y axis invariant line and shear factor 1.
2b(ii) : This will be then inverse of the matrix of the shear in part 2(a)(iv). [Check this in the formula booklet]
10(f):substitute (n-1) in the previous equation's "n" place, and simplfy
10(g): Unfortunately, I do not understand this subsection of the question either, sorry, I cannot help you out with this.
I understood it now!
10(g): total of the numbers in row "n" = n(n2-n+1) + (total of n-1 even numbers)
From part (f): we know the total of n-1 even numbers is (n-1)n =n2-n
so now simplify and you should arrive at the answer in c(ii) = n3
