Part 1 - There are two types of micro-organisms which can be used to make enzymes - fungi or bacteria. The micro-organisms are then added a fermenter [which is a large, sterile container containing a stirrer, air pipes (to blow air into the mixture) and a pipe to add feedstock]. The temperature is maintained at about 26.c and at a pH of less then neutral (about 5-6). The enzymes produced are then of two types - extracellular (which are extracted from the foodstock by filtering) and intracellular (which are basically extracellular enzymes, crushed and washed with water); the enzymes are now in solution.
Part 2 - Enzymes help in removing stains from clothes because enzymes such as proteases break down blood stains (as blood contains the protein called haemoglobin) so then this makes it easier to remove stains. Furthermore, stains made by oils can also be removed because oils are lipids so they can be broken down by lipase enzymes into fatty acids and glycerol which makes the removing more efficient. The temperature has to be controlled carefully because if the temperature is too high then the enzymes active site gets permanently denatured and if the temperature is too low then the process will be too slow (these are the effects of variables on enzyme activity).
cool dude!!
she is asking about manufacture of insulin by bacteria...not enzymes...
so here u go
1)the gene responsible for the synthesis of insulin is selected from a human DNA
2)the gene is cut by the help of special enzymes(u do not need to know their names)
3)a bacteria cell is taken and the plasmid(round structure containing the genetic material of bacteria) is removed from it
4)the plasmid is cut open by the help of the same special enzyme and the gene for insulin is stuck to this plasmid by another set of enzymes
5)the enzyme for sticking is again used to close the plasmid
6)the plasmid is returned to the bacteria cell which now contains the gene to synthesize insulin
7)this bacteria is left to reproduce and a huge population of bacteria containing the insulin gene is produced
8)the bacteria cells produce the insulin which is extracted and used for human beings
I hope this makes it clear!!!
