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Author Topic: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010  (Read 24421 times)

Offline J.Darren

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Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« on: May 31, 2010, 04:19:25 am »
Organic Chemistry

Fuels :

- Coal
- Natural gas (Methane)
- Petroleum (Crude oil)

Fractional distillation:

N/A - Refinery gas (used as a fuel)
30 degree celsius - Gasoline (used as a fuel in cars)
110 degree celsius - Naphtha (used as make chemicals)
180 degree celsius - Kerosene / Paraffin (used as a fuel in jet engines)
260 degree celsius - Diesel oil / Gas oil (used as a fuel in diesel engines)
N/A - Fuel oil (used as a fuel for ships and for home heating systems)
N/A - Lubricating oil (used in waxes and polishes)
N/A - Bitumen (used as a fuel in jet engines)

Homologus series :

- Trend in physical properties
- Same general formula
- Same functional group
- Similar chemical properties
- Differs from its neighbouring member by CH2

Properties of Alkanes :

Saturated hydrocarbons
General formula : CnH(2n+2)
Increase in boiling point
Physical state at room temperature : Gas > Liquid > Solid

Combustion of alkanes :

Gives CO2 and water, incomplete combustion will give CO and water.

Subsitution reaction :

Condition - Bright light (Photochemical)

Alkanes react with chlorine to give a mixture of chloroalkanes. One hydrogen atom is subsituted by one chlorine atom.

Methane + Chlorine -> Chloromethane (CH3Cl) + HCl
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Offline J.Darren

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #1 on: May 31, 2010, 04:53:37 am »
Properties of Alkenes :

Unaturated hydrocarbons
General formula : CnH2n

Alkenes are made by cracking alkanes. Long alkene molecules are passed over a heated catalyst consisting of Silicon (IV) Oxide and Aluminium Oxide.

C10H22 -> C8H18 + C2H4

Decane -> Octane + Ethene

Hydrogen can also be made by cracking :

C10H22 -> C7H14 + C3H6 + H2

Decane -> Alkene + Alkene + Hydrogen

Cracking is used to make :

- Alkenes
- Hydrogen
- Petrol from higher fractions

Addition Reaction :

Hydrogenation

Condition - 180 degree celsius, Nickel catalyst

Alkene + Hydrogen -> Alkane

Hydration

Condition - 300 degree celsius, Phosphoric Acid, 60 atmospheric pressure

Alkene + Water -> Alcohol

Test for an alkene

When a few drops of Bromine water are added to a tube of ethene gas, the colour changes from brown to colourless.

Ethene + Bromine -> Dibromoethane
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6394

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #2 on: May 31, 2010, 10:30:41 am »
lol u started
i ws thinkin of starting it 2day
By the way i wil pm u de useful ntes n tricks i hav
!!!!
:P
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Offline princess12

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #3 on: May 31, 2010, 10:33:05 am »
thanxs a good information
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Offline WARRIOR

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #4 on: May 31, 2010, 07:30:08 pm »
i was gonna start mine 2mrw :(

i guess u go on with this :/ ill make another
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Offline destructor

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #5 on: June 01, 2010, 08:26:23 am »
Quote from: J.Darren on May 31, 2010, 04:19:25 am
Organic Chemistry

Fuels :

- Coal
- Natural gas (Methane)
- Petroleum (Crude oil)

Fractional distillation:

N/A - Refinery gas (used as a fuel)
30 degree celsius - Gasoline (used as a fuel in cars)
110 degree celsius - Naphtha (used as make chemicals)
180 degree celsius - Kerosene / Paraffin (used as a fuel in jet engines)
260 degree celsius - Diesel oil / Gas oil (used as a fuel in diesel engines)
N/A - Fuel oil (used as a fuel for ships and for home heating systems)
N/A - Lubricating oil (used in waxes and polishes)
N/A - Bitumen (used as a fuel in jet engines)

Homologus series :

- Trend in physical properties
- Same general formula
- Same functional group
- Similar chemical properties
- Differs from its neighbouring member by CH2

Properties of Alkanes :

Saturated hydrocarbons
General formula : CnH(2n+2)
Increase in boiling point
Physical state at room temperature : Gas > Liquid > Solid

Combustion of alkanes :

Gives CO2 and water, incomplete combustion will give CO and water.

Subsitution reaction :

Condition - Bright light (Photochemical)

Alkanes react with chlorine to give a mixture of chloroalkanes. One hydrogen atom is subsituted by one chlorine atom.

Methane + Chlorine -> Chloromethane (CH3Cl) + HCl

Amazing stuff Darren
u summarized the whole chapter!
thanks a lot man
dude u forgot one more thing
in halogenation
u also need lead tetraethyl and a high temprature
UV/Bright light is the main answer though
thanks anyway dude  :)
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Offline J.Darren

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #6 on: June 01, 2010, 01:04:04 pm »
Quote from: Kimo Jesus on May 31, 2010, 07:30:08 pm
i was gonna start mine 2mrw :(

i guess u go on with this :/ ill make another
Perhaps we should collaborate or something ... I am hopeless at drawing diagrams, would you be kind enough to provide illustrations on branched alkanes?
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Offline J.Darren

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #7 on: June 01, 2010, 01:21:54 pm »
Quote from: destructor on June 01, 2010, 08:26:23 am
Amazing stuff Darren
u summarized the whole chapter!
thanks a lot man
dude u forgot one more thing
in halogenation
u also need lead tetraethyl and a high temprature
UV/Bright light is the main answer though
thanks anyway dude  :)
Not even close :D Still got alcohol, alkanoic acid and ester ... Not to mention addition and condensation polymerisation *sigh*
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Offline Ivo

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #8 on: June 01, 2010, 01:43:14 pm »
Quote from: J.Darren on June 01, 2010, 01:04:04 pm
Perhaps we should collaborate or something ... I am hopeless at drawing diagrams, would you be kind enough to provide illustrations on branched alkanes?

Do you mean something like this:


http://www.hpwt.de/Chemie/Alkanee.gif
« Last Edit: June 01, 2010, 01:48:16 pm by Ivo »
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Offline J.Darren

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #9 on: June 01, 2010, 02:04:10 pm »
Quote from: Ivo on June 01, 2010, 01:43:14 pm
Do you mean something like this:


http://www.hpwt.de/Chemie/Alkanee.gif
Yea but when you ... well branch it, say for butane we can have ... methylpropane, if you catch my drift LOL.
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Offline Vin

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #10 on: June 01, 2010, 02:06:53 pm »
Quote from: J.Darren on June 01, 2010, 02:04:10 pm
Yea but when you ... well branch it, say for butane we can have ... methylpropane, if you catch my drift LOL.
You want me to post them?
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Offline Ivo

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #11 on: June 01, 2010, 02:12:03 pm »
Quote from: J.Darren on June 01, 2010, 02:04:10 pm
Yea but when you ... well branch it, say for butane we can have ... methylpropane, if you catch my drift LOL.

Oh...you want isomers.  OK here are isomers for butane:
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Offline Ivo

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #12 on: June 01, 2010, 02:17:13 pm »
Here are isomers for pentane:
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Offline guMnam

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #13 on: June 01, 2010, 02:22:26 pm »
Thanks :D
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Offline jellybeans

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Re: Chemistry P3 7/6/2010
« Reply #14 on: June 01, 2010, 02:28:54 pm »
Quote from: Ivo on June 01, 2010, 02:17:13 pm
Here are isomers for pentane:

how do you know what the isomers are named?
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