Geography doubts!!!!!!!

[big mac]

- Describe and suggest reasons for the rapid increase in the world's population in recent times, ‘the population explosion'.

- Define the main components influencing population growth - birth rate, death rate and migration.

- Describe the relationship between population growth and resources and explain why problems may result in some areas such as over-population and underpopulation.

- Identify and suggest reasons for contrasting patterns of population growth in different world areas as influenced by differences in birth rate, death rate and migration. Factors affecting these influences should be considered such as differences in social, economic and other factors, e.g. government policies and their impact upon birth rates, differences in health care, social and other factors influencing death rates, especially the impact of HIV/AIDS. These factors should be illustrated by reference to selected examples.

- Describe the consequences (benefits and problems) of different patterns of population growth. Consideration should be given to variations in the size and nature of dependent populations and standards of living.

- Identify and suggest reasons for different types of population structure as shown by age-sex pyramids. IGCSE Geography candidates should be able to describe population pyramids and relate them to the different stages of the Demographic Transition Model.

- Identify the major influences on population density and population distribution. Reference should be made to physical, economic and human factors.

- Describe and suggest reasons for population migrations. Reference should be made to internal movements such as rural-urban migration as well as to international migrations both voluntary and involuntary.


Sorry if this is a lot lol, Just do the ones you know, thank you so much.

[Syed Kazim]

- Describe and suggest reasons for the rapid increase in the world's population in recent times, ‘the population explosion'.

The population explosion occurred due to the high birth and fertility rates in LEDCs. This is because:

• Many children are needed to help with work on the land, to carry wood and water, and to care for their parents when they are old.
• A high infant mortality rate means that many children die before their first birthday.
• Religious beliefs may forbid birth control.
• A lack of education, especially for the women, has an effect on family planning.
• There is a lack of access to and insufficient money for the supply of contraceptives.
• A large family can enhance a family's reputation in the local community, especially for the husband.

[Syed Kazim]

- Define the main components influencing population growth - birth rate, death rate and migration.

• Birth Rate is the average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people in the total population
• Death Rate is the average number of deaths per 1000 people in the population
• Migration is a movement and in human terms usually means a change of home

[Syed Kazim]

- Describe the relationship between population growth and resources and explain why problems may result in some areas such as over-population and underpopulation.

In this there are two groups, under 15s and over 65s.

The disadvantages of having too many under 15s (a problem mostly in LEDCs), to mention just a few, are:

• The large youthful population will need child-health care and education - two services that these countires can ill-afford.
• In the future, there will be more people reaching child-bearing age and thus the population will continue to rise.

The disadvantages of having too few under 15s (a problem mostly in countries like Germany, Italy, Span and China), to mention just a few, are:

• The countries will have too few consumers and skilled workers to keep their economy going.
• The countries will see a reduction in their competitive advantage in science and technology.
• The countries will have closures of schools and shops, especially in smaller towns and villages.
• The countries will experience in providing pensions and social care for an ageing population.

Now we discuss about the over 65s. The disadvantages of having too many over 65s (a problem in Japan and several MEDCs in western Europe), to mention just a few, are two-fold. There are some disadvantages for the country and some for the elderly.

The problems that the country faces are:

• An increasing amount of money is needed for residential homes and sheltered accommodation, health care, social services and subsides.
• An increasing amount of the financial budget and time of the family doctor is taken up by the elderly.
• There is an increase in long-term illnesses and those that make people house-bound.
• There is an increasing dependence upon a smaller group of economically active people to provide consumer goods and services as well as money through taxation.
• Less money is available for younger age groups for education, improvements in transport or the provision of leisure facilities.

The problems that the elderly face are:

• Many have to live alone, especially women, when their married partner dies.
• Most cannot afford the cost of a residential home.
• There are lengthy waits in the hospital for operation.
• Those who are still fit and willing to work often face prejudice due to their age.
• Those living in urban areas have a fear of crime and traffic; those living in rural areas who cannot drive and where there is no public transport have difficulty getting to the doctor, hospital and shops.

[Syed Kazim]

Hope my answers above help you in your revision. I shall try and write more in a while. 

[Syed Kazim]

- Describe and suggest reasons for population migrations. Reference should be made to internal movements such as rural-urban migration as well as to international migrations both voluntary and involuntary.

Migration is broadly divided into two: Voluntary and Forced.

The causes of voluntary migration, to mention a few, are:

• Employment - to either find a job, to earn a higher salary or to avoid paying tax
• Pioneers developing new areas.
• Trade and economic expansion.
• Territorial expansion.
• Better climate, especially on retirement.
• Social amenities, such as hospitals, schools and entertainment.
• To be with friends and relatives.

The causes of forced migration, to mention a few, are:

• Religious and/or political persecution.
• Wars, creating large numbers of refugees.
• Forced labour as slaves or prisoners of war.
• Racial discrimination.
• Lack of food due to famine.
• Natural disasters caused by floods, drought, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or hurricanes.
• Overpopulation, when the number of people living in an area exceeds the resources available to them.

[Syed Kazim]

Quote
- Describe and suggest reasons for population migrations. Reference should be made to internal movements such as rural-urban migration as well as to international migrations both voluntary and involuntary.

Migration is broadly divided into two: Voluntary and Forced.

The causes of voluntary migration, to mention a few, are:
Employment - to either find a job, to earn a higher salary or to avoid paying tax
Pioneers developing new areas.
Trade and economic expansion.
Territorial expansion.
Better climate, especially on retirement.
Social amenities, such as hospitals, schools and entertainment.
To be with friends and relatives.

The causes of forced migration, to mention a few, are:
Religious and/or political persecution.
Wars, creating large numbers of refugees.
Forced labour as slaves or prisoners of war.
Racial discrimination.
Lack of food due to famine.
Natural disasters caused by floods, drought, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or hurricanes.
Overpopulation, when the number of people living in an area exceeds the resources available to them.

Migration is also divided according to the origin and destination. There are several, example:

• Urbanisation.
• Counterurbanisation.
• Regional

Migration usually occurs due to 'pull' and 'push' factors.

For example, during the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, many people in Britain were either:

• forced to leave the countryside ('push' factors causing rural depopulation)
• attracted to the growing towns and cities ('pull' factors leading to urbanisation)

Examples of 'push' factors:

• Older, poorer-quality housing.
• Exhaustion of mineral (coal/iron ore).
• Decline of older industries (ships/steel/textiles).
• Poorly paid, mainly manual, jobs.
• Many polluted former industrial environments.

Examples of 'pull' factors:

• Newer, better-quality housing.
• Growth of newer/lighter/footloose industries
  • Better-paid, more skilled jobs.
  • Better transport links (motorways/rail/airports)
  • Fewer polluted industrial environments.

[big mac]

thank you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[holtadit]

+ rep

[Syed Kazim]

Thanks!

[BlackBunny103]

Just wondering, does anyone have notes on Geography paper 4? I find this paper the hardest since the questions are just too vague.
Please help. Thanxx

[BlackBunny103]

Anybody? Please help me >.<

[blehboy]

Mostly practice a lot of papers for paper 4
once you get the hang of it, its pretty easy.
I shall try my best to find some notes which can help.

[BlackBunny103]

Mostly practice a lot of papers for paper 4
once you get the hang of it, its pretty easy.
I shall try my best to find some notes which can help.

Hello, I did some paper 4 but still find it hard So it'd be great if I could have some notes particularly about this paper. Thanxx 4 your help

[Syed Kazim]

Try this site for Alternative to Coursework notes. You will need to sign up though at the home page.

I'll look for some more notes and post them here if I find any.