Human BiOlogy.

[Deadly_king]

Please explain, the four types of immunity

Active artificial immunity,
Active natural immunity,
Passive artificial immunity,
Passive natural immunity.

Or is there more? These were the four mentioned in the past papers.

Nope these are the only types. I mean there are only 4 types pf immunity.

First you need to differentiate between natural and artificial.
Natural immunity occurs when the body itself produces antibody molecules for immune response.
Artificial immunity take place when we take in drugs and medicines which will lead to a drastic rise in the number of antibody molecules in the body.

Now differences between active and passive.
Active immunity occurs when you have been exposed to a particular disease and your body is preparing itself for defence. In other words it is taking all the appropriate measures to combat this new virus or bacteris.However takes more time as it produces memory cells for future use. Hence if the same virus affects us later on, our immune response will be faster due to the memory cells.
Passive immunity takes place when the body cannot actually do anything against this particular disease which is usually quite dangerous. Hence you take in drugs but this form of immunity is only temporary since the antibodies will be cleared by our immune system as it is foreign.

Sorry for the brief explanation. I'll elaborate more if you want when i get home  
I hope i've not exceeded what's in YOUR syllabus

If you want a better explanation follow this link :
http://www.biologymad.com/ -----> AS Biology ----> Immunology -----> Immunity

NOTE : Again this is for AS. Do not learn more than your syllabus  

[iluvme]

Thank You Deadly King. 

And yes I'd like a better explanation on Passive immunity.

[Deadly_king]

Thank You Deadly King.  

And yes I'd like a better explanation on Passive immunity.

Alright madam

But be attentive because this is not going to be as simple as you think it is!

Passive immunity takes place when a person is infected by a very dangerous disease. Hence medical practitioners prefer not to take any risk and inject some anti-toxins into the person's body. The anti-toxins provide immediate protection but this is only temporary because the antibodies have not been produced by  own cells. Therefore they are regarded as foreign and will be removed in a matter of time by the mechanism of the person's body. But since the antibodies have come from the exterior it is regarded as artificial passive immunity.

When antibodies pass from mother to baby across the placenta or via breast milk, it is called natural passive immunity.

Hope you get what am trying to say

P.S : I modified my previous post. Do take a look. Might be helpful as well

[iluvme]

Righto Thanks.
I'll be back with more doubts after Friday.

[Deadly_king]

Righto Thanks.
I'll be back with more doubts after Friday.

No problem.............just let me know........and i'll try my best to clear your doubts

[iluvme]

Ahem,
I've got a whole load of doubts from this paper, so, PLEASE HELP ME OUT!!!
November 2006 Paper1
Questions, 3, 10, 14, 16, 24 and 40.

[Deadly_king]

Ahem,
I've got a whole load of doubts from this paper, so, PLEASE HELP ME OUT!!!
November 2006 Paper1
Questions, 3, 10, 14, 16, 24 and 40.

Sorry but I need to go now.........i've got exams tomorrow.

Will Insha Allah help you in the afternoon after i've done my papers

By the way...........is it O-level papers

[iluvme]

Sorry but I need to go now.........i've got exams tomorrow.

Will Insha Allah help you in the afternoon after i've done my papers

By the way...........is it O-level papers

Oh. Its allright. All the best for your examz.
Yupz, its OL.

[elemis]

Question 10

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. You should know that enzymes function the BEST at 35 deg C and if the temp is above or below that level they will denature.

The answer, therefore, is C.

Question 14
Blood is pumped under pressure through the arteries.

Therefore, it wouldnt flow as a constant stream. Since it flows under high pressure (it is synchronized with the heart beat) the blood WILL NOT clot.

Answer = C

Question 40

Lead is the primary substance that causes memory loss and hence could affect intelligence. It also damages the CNS is some way.

Lead is given off in the exhaust fumes of vehicles as it USED to be added to petrol to prevent 'knocking' in car engines.

Block B is closest to a busy flyover and car park.

Answer = B

[iluvme]

Question 14
Blood is pumped under pressure through the arteries.

Therefore, it wouldnt flow as a constant stream. Since it flows under high pressure (it is synchronized with the heart beat) the blood WILL NOT clot.

Answer =C

Why wouldn't the clotting process take place?  Since it flows under high pressure?

Thanks Ari.

Um, other questions please.

[elemis]

Since the blood is quite literally pouring out of the wound like a waterfall the blood doesnt get time to coagulate into a solid which would stop the bleeding.

I dont know the other questions - remember I never took Biology. This is all my general knowledge in use.

[Deadly_king]

Oh. Its allright. All the best for your examz.
Yupz, its OL.

Hmm.........it seems Ari has already done the job.

Anyway...........I don't have the papers. Can you give me its link

I can take a look if you need some explanations

[iluvme]

Since the blood is quite literally pouring out of the wound like a waterfall the blood doesnt get time to coagulate into a solid which would stop the bleeding.

I dont know the other questions - remember I never took Biology. This is all my general knowledge in use.

Oh right. Thank You.

Anyway...........I don't have the papers. Can you give me its link

Here,
http://www.xtremepapers.net/CIE/Cambridge%20O%20Levels/5096%20-%20Human%20And%20Social%20Biology/5096_w06_qp_1.pdf

[Deadly_king]

3. We'll proceed by elimination since I don't think you need to know all these by heart

Anopheles ----> It's a type of mosquito, like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. However it does not involve two hosts.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ----> It's a bacteria and bacteria proliferates asexually only.

Tinea is a fungus and it reproduces by spores only which is an asexual method.

Schistosoma mansoni ----> never heard about it But this is the only plausible answer here.
Upon some research I found out that it has the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually and it also involves two hosts.

The life cycle is common to all species with a sexual generation in vascular system of the definitive host and an asexual generation in the intermediate hosts (snails).

Answer is C

16. At rest ---> first graph

You must number of cycles in 30s which is 6 cycles. 1 cycle represents 1dm³ of air.

Therefore in one minute, Volume of air = (6/30 x 60) = 12dm³

Apply same principle for the other graph except that in this case 1 cycle represents 2dm³

10 cycles in 30s. ----> In one minute = 2(10/30 x 60) = 40 dm³

Answer is D

24.
Part 1 is the placenta and the latter's functions is to provide the fetus with all its requirements namely nutrients, oxygen and also antibodies from the mother. However it connot prevent nicotine or alcohol from diffusing to the fetus.

Part 2 is the amniotic fluid which indeed spreads pressure evenly all around the fetus protecting it from external damage.

Part 3 is the amniotic wall which prevents the fetus from getting into direct with the internal body structures and the blood of the mother.

Part 4 is the umbilical cord which connects the fetus to the placenta across which nutrients, gases and waste products travels.

Hence answer is B

Hope it helps and am sorry for late reply

[iluvme]

Thank You.  Really helped. +rep

Anyways,

C0₂ reacts with lime water when blown through it to form a chalky suspension. Suggest how you could use this information to show that you produce more CO₂ when you exercise than when you are at rest.