Relations between Iran and Pakistan have spanned since the common prehistoric Indo-Iranian heritage which connects all of Persian empire with the Indo-Aryan civilization of the Indus Valley from 3000–2000 BC. This also includes a shared Indo-Parthian and Indo-Scythian civilization of antiquity to the strongly Persianized Islamic empires in South central Asia in the 13th to 19th centuries. The Western region of Pakistan was one part of the easternmost satraps provinces of Persian empire which included the areas of Satraps provinces of present-day Pakistan. Even as of today, many antique and historic buildings in Pakistan have classical Persian writings on manuscript of the buildings.
After the establishment of Pakistan on August 1947, Iran has a unique distinction of being the first country to internationally recognized the status of Pakistan. As of current, each is the other's chief economic partner and large-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased rapport. Military collaboration began in 1950-1960s with Pakistan Armed Forces began the training of the Iranian Armed Forces in joint and modern warfare. This cooperation would continue throughout the Cold war with Iran supporting Pakistan in its conflicts with arch-rival, India. In return, Pakistan went on to support Iran militarily during the Iran–Iraq War in 1980s. The most serious breach in the relationship was the fourth phase of Afghan civil war, which saw the Pakistan's uttermost backing of Taliban forces and counter-backing from Indo-Iranian forces. However since 2000, the relations between each state has been normalized and strong economical and military collaboration has strengthened the relations ever since.
Once partially part of together in the Persian Empire, both are officially designated as the Iranian Cultural Continent.[1] Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, influence of sphere, and political position. While Pakistan's foreign policy maintains balance relations with Saudi Arabia, United States and the European Union, Iran tends to warn against it and raised concern including the Pakistan's absolute backing of Taliban during the third phase of civil war in Afghanistan during the last ending years of 20th century. Nevertheless, the economic and trade relations continued to expanded in both absolute and relative terms, and relations were immensely improved in 1999 that led the subsequent signing of Free Trade Agreement between two countries. At present, both countries are cooperating and forming alliance against a number of areas of mutual interest on fighting drug trade along their common border as well as defeating Afghan supported tribal insurgency along their border. They are both members of the Developing 8 Countries group of countries as well as the Economic Cooperation Organization; and are also both observers of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
The executive governments of each country is represented differently with different form of government institutions. In Iran, the President is head of government while the Supreme Leader is the head of state who outranks executive authority over the President. In Pakistan, the Prime Minister is the head of government only, and his or her "government" or "ministry" directs the executive while the President has no authority over the government, just a ceremonial figurehead.
Relations between Iran and Pakistan improved after the removal of the Taliban in 2002, but regional rivalry continues. Sunni-majority Pakistan sides with fellow Sunni Muslim Saudi Arabia in its competition with Shiite majority Iran for influence across the broader Islamic world, although Pakistan is far less ideological than either country, and is more concerned with influence in Central Asia rather than in the Middle East. Iran considers northern and western Afghanistan as its sphere of influence since its population is Persian Dari speaking. Pakistan considers southern and eastern Afghanistan as its sphere of influence since it is Pashto and Baloch speaking like the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Pakistani Baluchistan, respectively. Pakistan expressed concern over India's plan to build a highway linking the southern Afghanistan city of Kandahar to Zahidan, since it will reduce Afghanistan's dependence on Pakistan to the benefit of Iran.
Both the countries joined the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), a derivative of Regional Co-operation for Development (RCD), which was established in 1964. The ECO groups neighboring Muslim states recently expanded to Central Asia. As part of this regional organizational framework both countries continue to cooperate on trade and investment.
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