Hi Guys , I am going to make this biology guide for the exam in the summer. This is going to take ages and i will need your help . Im going to right my conclusions as i go through curriculum every time i study biology. I do this because it helps me get the information thoroughly in my mind because repetition is the only way to master things and also for people who find difficulties in their Biology books
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Anyway i wish everyone goodluck in the exams and please keep criticising the work written because i keep forgetting stuff. Thanks
Classification
The 5 'KINGDOMS' we classify all living organisms are
1.Animals 2. Plants 3. Prokaryotes 4. Protoctista 5. Fungi Prokaryotes:unicellular organisms that lack nucleus i.e BACTERIA/
Protoctista:Unicellular organisms that have nucleus i.e Amoeba.Algae Remember that viruses dont fit in any kingdom as they dont show any characteristics of life except reproduction.
To classify we follow this sequence , in this example im using a Lion ( Panthera Leo ) as classification =
Kingdom(animalia)-->Phylum(Chordata)-->Class(Mammalia)-->Order(Carnivora)-->Family(Felidae)-->Genus(Panthera)-->Species(Panthera Leo)
Note : (As we go this way --> The similarities between animals increase and differences decrease. )
Binomial system of classification : System which the
scientific name of an organism is made of 2 parts showing genus and species ( Panther Leo )
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We have to know the characteristics of the following :
Kingdom:Animals,
Phylum:Vertebrates/chordates.
Class :
Fish - Stream lined shaped.They breathe through gills.Fins for locomotion.Later line detects vibration in water.Damp overlapping scales.Lay Jelly-Like shell-less eggs. :
Amphibians-Visible ear drums.Damp Moist skin (no scales).Lay shell-less eggs.The young breathe by gills :
Reptiles-Dry scales on body.Sunken ear drums.Lay leathery shelled eggs :
Birds-Body covered by feathers.Have beak or bill.Have scales on legs.Lay Hard shelled eggs. :
Mammals-Have fur/hair/whiskers.Have different types of teeth.Have external ears ( pinnae ).Mammary glands.Give birth to live young.Feed their young on milk.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We have to know the classification of monocotyledons and dicotyledon A cotyledon are also called
SEED LEAVES.They act as a food store for the seed.
: Monocots- 1 Cotyledon, scatterd vascular bundles,Flowers in 3s, unbranched stem , Leaves are narrow with smooth edge and have parallel veins , fibrous roots,
Examples : Grass , maize , wheat. : Dicotyledon : 2 cotyledon,vascular bundles for a ring , Flowers in 5s, Branched stems, broad leaves with pointed ends and have branched veins,have tap roots,
Examples : potato , Rose , radnelion , Oak tree Click here to see an image of both
http://www.google.com.kw/imgres?imgurl=http://image.wistatutor.com/content/diversity-living-organisms/dicot-brassica-campestris-monocot-zea-mays-type-of-angiospermae.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/example-of-monocot-seed&usg=__lGwUQJDYS2qxHYwCjYQ81s_5slM=&h=331&w=461&sz=31&hl=en&start=24&zoom=1&tbnid=vqCcSPMOCOHYBM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=166&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmonocotyledon%2Bvs%2Bdicotyledon%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1242%26bih%3D726%26tbs%3Disch:10,327&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=506&ei=g3qdTJSdC4KUjAfB87XADQ&oei=d3qdTK7LB8TTjAfP_5SBDQ&esq=2&page=2&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:24&tx=73&Thank You=41&biw=1242&bih=726<--here
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We have to know the characteristics of
1.Bacteria 2.Fungi 3. Virus Bacteria:Unicellular.Seen by powerful light microscope.Many have slime capsule and flagellum.Have 'Bacterial' cell wall(made of protein,sugar,fat).Have cell membrane,cytoplasm but no organelles.Have singular circular 'Bacterial' Chromosome.Examples: Spirals(spirilli),Spherical(cocci),Rods(Bacilli)
Fungi:Multicellular,Macroscopic,Multinucleate.Made of microscopic basic units called Hyphae rather than the cell.Hyphae join together to form a mycelium.They have septa instead of cell walls.Cell wall is made of chitin.They have cell membrane,cytoplasm,organelles and vacuoles.Examples : Mushroom ,yeast , mould fungi. Virus:Acellular.Can be seen by an electron microscope.Form crystalline structure outside of host cell.Have a protein coat called capsid made up of small units called capsomeres.No nucleus,cytoplasm,membrane or organelles.Have a central core of nucleic acid-either DNA/RNA.Examples: HIV,common cold,Measles -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We have to know the classification of Phylum ( Arthropods* ), ( Molluscs ) ( Annelids ) ( Nematodes)
Arthropods have Classes : Insects, Arachnids , Molluscs , Crustacians , Myriapods ALL ARTHROPODS HAVE : EXOSKELETON , JOINTED LEGS , SEGMENTED BODIES
YOU HAVE TO KNOW HOW TO DRAW ALL OF THEM : Insects -Body divided into 3 parts:Head, thorax , abdomen- 1 Pair of compound eyes, 1 pair of antennae, 1or2 Pair of wings, 3 pairs of legs.
: Arachnids-Body divided into 2 parts:Head and Cephalothorax( thorax + abdomen )-4 Pairs of simple eyes, No antennae,4 pairs of jointed legs, Spinavette.
: Myriapods ( Centipedes and Millipedes ): Both have well defined head , 1 pair of simple eyes and 1 pair of antennae
:Centipedes :Flattened body , are carnivore and have 1 pair of legs per segments
: Millipedes : Cylindrical body , are herbivores and have 2 pair of legs per segment
: Crustaceans:Body into 2 parts: Head and cephalothorax, 1 pair of compunds eyes, 2 pairs of antennae, 5 or more pairs of legs, carapace ( outer covering ) made of CaC03 Annelids: Cylindrical ring-like segmented body and have 2 pair of chaetae or bristle(to help them move)per
segment,Have protein cuticle. Ex. Earthworm, leeches, RINGWORMS
Nematodes: No segmets, No chaetae, they are long thin cyllyndrical animals that are pointed on both ends and they are endoparasites.Have protein cuticle. Ex. Round worms , the ones that live in your stomach and the doctor would have to stick something up your bottom and try to pull it out ! beautfil scene!
Molluscs:Body divided into 3:Head,Hump, Muscular foot.Soft and unsegmented bodies.Snails have shell covering the hump.Snails also have radula(rough tongue to scrape food off plants). Octopuses have shell inside body. Some have gills --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Define the terms: (MRS GREN <--Mnemonic ) These definitions are from the curriculum content itself.
• Nutrition as taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them
• Excretion as removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements
• Respiration as the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
• Sensitivity as the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses
• Reproduction as the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
• Growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
• Movement as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
THE NEXT PART OF THE SYLLABUS IS COVERED BY VIN(PERCY JACKSON) BELOW
which is this
State that living organisms are made of cells
• Identify and describe the structure of a plant cell
(palisade cell) and an animal cell (liver cell), as
seen under a light microscope
• Describe the differences in structure between
typical animal and plant cells
Relate the structures seen under the light
microscope in the plant cell and in the animal
cell to their functions