IGCSE/GCSE/O & A Level/IB/University Student Forum
Qualification => Reference Material => GCE AS & A2 Level => Revison Notes => Topic started by: Ukhti-R on June 09, 2010, 02:09:11 am
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Quick notes on the 15 studies we need to know for the OCR exam:
MILGRAM
Aim- To investigate the process of obedience, to demonstrate the power of legitimate authority even when the command requires destructive behaviour.
Participants- Advertised in a newspaper, 500 men from New Haven, Everyone paid $4.50 for coming to the lab. Final group consisted of 40 men, aged 20-50 years old, who came from various occupational backgrounds.
Two further participants, the part of the experimenter, who was a biology teacher, and the part of the learner, who was a 47 year old accountant. Both participants were Milgrams confederates.
Procedure- When each participant arrived, they were told the purpose of the experiment was to see how punishment affected learning. The "naiive" participant was introduced to the other participant. Both were asked to draw lots to see who would play the part of the learner, and the part of the teacher, The confederate always got the part of the learner.
The learner was strapped to a chair in the next room with an electrode attached to his wrist. The teacher would call our words, and the learner would have to match the words with other words. With each mistake, the learner would receive and electric shock, which would increase by 15V.
The "teacher" was given a sample shock of 45V in order to demonstrate that the machine was working, though- this was the only time it worked. For the rest of the experiment, the learner only pretended to to be receiving shocks.
At 300V the learner banged on the wall and gave no answer
At 315V the learner punded on the wall again, but after that, there were no further answers.
4 Prods:
- Please continue
-The experiment requires that you continue
- It is absolutely essential that you continue
-You have no other choice, you must go on.
Results:
- 65% of participants went to the full 450V
- 12.5% dropped out at 300V, 4 dropped out at 315V, 5 refused before the end. Thus, 35% did not obey completely.
- Participants showed signs of great tension, they were seen to sweat, tremble, bite their lips, groan, dig their nails into their flesh, some even laughed in a bizarre fashion. Three had full over-blown seizures.
Paritipants were debriefed, 84% were glad they had participated, and 78% said they had learned something new, only one participant said they felt sorry for participating.
Variations- The experiment was conducted at Yale University, it's presitgous setting could add to the authority of the experimenter. Milgram was aware of this, and therefore repeated it in a Downtown Shabby office, the level of obedience dropped by 47.5%
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Nice work Roxy. Keep it up ;) +rep
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REICHER AND HASLAM
Aim- To repeat Zimbardos experiment in an ethical way
- To analyse conditions that lead to individuals to identify with their group
- To analyse conditions that lead to individuals to critise roles within their group.
- To analyse the importance of power in group behaviour.
Participants- 15 males were selected from 332 who had replied to adverts in the press. They were chosen after these screening procedures:
a) Full weekend assessments by clinical Psychologists
b) Psychometric tests to ensure they were mentally healthy and were well-balanced.
c) Medical and character references and police checks
The final 15 were selcted from a short list of 26 to enure diversity, age, class, and ethnicity.
Ethics - Submitted for scrutiny by the BPS ethics committee
- All had informed consent
- mointored by clinical psychologists
- Guards present.
- Study could be terminated which the ethics committee needed to do so.
Procedure - Mock prison
-10 days
- 5 guards, 10 prisoners
- Guards had the authority to punish uncooperative prisoners however they couldn't use physical violence.
- They could reward cooperative prisoners with cigarettes and snacks.
- they had a dress code, and enjoyed better living conditions
- Prisoners had their heads shaved
- Uniform of loose trousers, skimpy sandals, t-shirt with a 3 digit number.
- They were told their rules and rights.
Independant vaiables:
-Permeability of roles
-Legitimacy of roles
-Cognitive alternatives.
Dependant Variables:
-Social variables ---- social identification, authoritarian attitues
-Organisational Variables ---- compliance with the rules
-Clinical Variables --- depression, stress
Measured in 3 ways:
-Video and audio survellience
-Daily psychometric tests
-Daily saliva swabs
Results:
GUARDS, DAYS (1-3) - The guards and prisoners were told roles are permeable. The guards did not develop group identity though it was the highest when prisoners were cooperative. The disagreed over how to treat the prisoners, and became more depressed over time.
PRISONERS, DAYS (1-3) They were cooperative, had little social identification.
DAYS (4-6)- When roles became impermeable, the new prisoner was introduced, they became less cooperative, had greater social identification, and began to challenge the guards. The prisoners became more positive and empowered.
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Nice work Roxy. Keep it up ;) +rep
Thaaankkss! :D
2 down, 13 to go! LOL. (:
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MAGUIRE - TAXI DRIVERS BRAINS
Aim- Maguire wanted to find out whether taxi drivers had a different brain structure to non taxi dirivers. The hypothesis was that taxi-drivers would have a structurally different hippocampus.
In order to gain their license, the London, black cab taxi drivers must learn "The knowledge", which consists of 320 routes, and over 25,000 streets. They must practice spatial navigation intensively everyday. So Maguire wanted to find out whether the hippocampi of taxi drivers became larger as a result.
Participants- 16 male, licensed black-cab drivers, aged 32-62 (avg. age 44), length of time as a taxi driver 14 years, right handed.
Control group consisted of 50 brain scans from the MRI database of healthy, right-handed men, ages 32-62, none of which
were taxi drivers.
Reseach was ethical because all participants applied to be included in the study and gave informed consent.
Procedure - IV- Job (taxi driver or not)
- DV- Scores on the MRI scans
- MRI scans- works by obtaining 3D images of the brain and body tissue.
- Scans analysed by VBM and pixel counting methods. Grey matter can be calculated.
- Expert conducting analysis didn't know who's MRI scan it was of (taxi driver or not)
Findings:
-Compared to the control group, the taxi drivers had more grey matter in the posterior hippocampus, and less in the anterior hippocampus. But the overall volume was the same.
- The hippocampus got bigger over time. There was a positive correlation between the volume of grey matter in the right posterior hippocampus and the length of time they had been taxi drivers.
Conclusions:
-Posterior hippocampus becomes enlarged due to greater spatial awareness.
-The hippocampus increases the longer they had been driving
-Local plasticity in the structure of a healthy human adult brain as a function of increasing exposure to the environment.
-Taxi drivers have a mental map of London lying in their Posterior hippocampus.
It is not a traditional lab experiment because the IV is not manipulated. The IV is the occupation which is the naturally occurring variable. As such, it is called a Quasi Experiment. This makes it more difficult to establish cause and effect.
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InshAllah you take the ajer for helping students.
Thanks Roxy. =] I will +rep you twice today.
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haha. aww, thank youu!
Karma action ? Spread the love ;) :P
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Okay, it increased from 166 to 171 :P
I will +rep someone else and then +rep you again for the other notes! :D
Now your rep increases by 10 points. You have been blessed :P :P
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Hahahah! Thank youu! <3
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PILIAVIN ET AL- GOOD SAMARITANISM
Aim- The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of helping behaviour of
a) They type of victim (cane or drunk)
b) They race of the victim (black or white)
The investigation wanted to know the influences of these variables on the speed, frequency, and race of the helper.
It also wanted to find out the impact of the presence of a model, also to examine the relationship of the size of the group and the frequency of helping.
Participant Observation
Participants:
- It was conducted on a New York subway over a 2 month period
- Participants were all passengers present on the train btween 11 am and 3pm
- Total of 4450 men and women
- Slightly more white than black (55%-45%)
- Approx 43 people in a compartment
- about 8.5 people in the critical area, where the incident was staged.
Procedure:
-Each trial lasted 7 1/2 mins
-Each trial consisted of 4 students (ages 24-29)
-2 girls as the observers, 1 was the confederate, and 1 was the victim.
-4 different teams
-Dressed in an Eisenhower Jacket
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Two conditions:
The drunk condition- The victim smells of alcohol, and carries a bottle wrapped in a brown paper bag (as they do in NY)
The cane condition- The victim carries a black cane (suggests a limp)
-70 seconds after the train pulls out of the station, the victim collapses.
-If no help is offered the confederate steps in at 70 or 150 secs.
-Observers recorded how long it took for help to be given. Looked at race, gender and location of passenger in compartment.
-Observers noted any over heard converstations and comments from people sitting nearby.
Results:
-The cane recieved help 95% of the time, whereas the drunk only 50%
-Cane victim was helped within approx 5 seconds, whereas the drunk victim, 109 seconds.
-Blacks received slightly less help than the whites esp. in the drunk condition
-Neither race was more helpful, but there was the "same race effect", where blacks were more likely to help blacks, and whites were more likely to help whites.
-The study found that the more passengers who were in the critical area, the more likelu help was given, this is the reverse of the 'diffusion of responsibility'.
-90% of first helpers were male.
-Overheard comments were usually in the drunk condition. Poeple usually felt discomfort.
Conclusions:
- An emergency situation creates a sense of arousal in a bystander.
-The arousal is heightened if one feels a sense of identity with the victim, and becomes increasingly heightened the longer the emergency continues.
- The arousal can be reduced by helping.
-Action is determined by a cost-benefit analysis.
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I will continue the rest in a few hours.
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this looks hard compared to chemistry notes
Lordy!
not one sentence makes sense
but +rep for the hard work
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this looks hard compared to chemistry notes
Lordy!
not one sentence makes sense
but +rep for the hard work
They're pretty interesting! You should read them! Thanks :D
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They're pretty interesting! You should read them! Thanks :D
Sure mam
but after coming out of the exam hall 8) 1 hour to go
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Sure mam
but after coming out of the exam hall 8) 1 hour to go
Aight mate! Best of Luckk! :D
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ROGER SPERRY- SPLIT-BRAIN PATIENTS
The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres allowing information to be transferred between them.
Left Hemisphere------> Language, and reasoning ability
Right Hemisphere-----> Spatial awareness
Aim- The aim of the study was to find out what happens when the two hemispheres cannot communicate with each other.
It was a Quasi-Experiment, as he did not manipulate the variables. He used patients that had already undergone the surgery.
Technical Equipment:
Sperry used specially designed apparatus that allowed for information to be presented to just one visual field. The individuals visual field was divided and their hands were screened from their own view. The participant had one eye covered as a control, this prevented eye movement and allowing the two hemispheres to communicate with each other.
Procedure:
-Participants had one eye covered and were told to gaze at a fixation point.
- Slides were projected onto either right or left of the screen at a ver high speed.
- One picture was shown even 0.1 second or faster.
- Below the screen there was a gap so the participant could reach the tray but could not see them or see their own hands.
Results:
-Visual material shown into the Right Visual Field goes to the Left Hemisphere --- Participants could describe this in speech and writing.
-Visual material shown into the Left Visual Field goes to the Right Hemisphere --- Participants insisted they had seen nothing, yes if the image was show again in the R.V.F the participants did not recognise having seen it before. However, they could draw it with their right hand.
-However, when participants were asked to find the object in the tray below which had matched what they has seen on the screen, they could do so.
- Sperry flashed 2 different pictures to the right and left visual field. $ to the left and ? to the right. Participants could draw only $, but reported they had drawn the ?
- Another example was the flashing of composite words like KEY-CASE. They wold produce a key from the tray with their LEFT hand (R.V.F- no lang), but spell the word CASE with their right hand (L.V.F- Controls lang.)
-Objects put in the right hand (R.H- L.V.F) could only be guessed at, even thought participants could find them in the tray.
Conclusions
-Sperry found that language is controlled by the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere is speechless. The left hemisphere is the dominant side.
-However, right hemisphere does have some understanding. It can do simple arithmetic and it can understand spoken and written words even though they cant express it.
- Right Hemisphere can show emotion. Participants were shown nude pictures into their right hemisphere, participants blushed which shows an appropriate emotional response.
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-Split brain patients had no IQ changes, nor were their personalities changed.
-They experienced some problems with short term memory, and got tired easily.
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LOFTUS AND PLAMER- EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
Aim- The aim of the study was to investigate how information supplied after an event influences a witness's memory for that event.
Method- Two experiments were conducted, with an Independent Measures Design. The IV was the verb used. The DV in the 1st experiment was the participant estimate of the sleep, and the second was how many say broken glass.
Experiment 1:
Participants: 45 Students from the University of Washington.
Procedure: -Particiapnts were shown 7 film clips of automobile accidents.
-Clips were made as part of a driver safety film
-Clips ranged from 5-30 seconds in length.
-After watching, participants were asked:
a) To write an account of what they had seen
b) To answer some questions. ONE of these questions was the critical question, which was "How fast were the cars
going when they hit each other?"
There were 5 conditions in the experiment, with 9 participants being assigned in each condition.
In each condition, the verb in the critical question was changed to either:
a)Hit
b)Smashed
c)Collided
d)Bumped
e)contacted.
The experiment lasted about 90 mins and a different ordering of films was presented to each group of participants.
Results:
Estimated speed by the participants when used different verbs:
Hit - 34.0 m/s
Contacted- 31.8
Bumped- 38.1
Collided- 39.3
Smashed- 40.8
Explanation of Results:
-Results could be die to a distortion in memory of participant due to the verb used.
- Results could be die to demand characteristics, may not have been sure of the speed of the car but estimated in order to fit the expectations of the questioner.
Experiment 2
Aim- The aim of the experiment was the same as experiment 1, but with the additional aim to see if the verbal label did distort the memory, rather than demand characteristics.
Participants: 150 Students
Procedure: - 1 min film which contained 4 second multiple car accident
- Participants divided into groups of 50
GROUP 1 were asked: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
GROUP 2 were asked: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
GROUP 3 were asked no question about the speed of the vehicles.
A week later, the participants were asked further questions including the critical question. "Did you see any broken glass?"
The question was placed at random on each participant's question paper. There was in fact no broken glass.
Participants with the verb, hit- 14% said there was broken glass.
Participants with the verb, smashed- 32% said there was broken glass.
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I like reading this. Very interesting. I might learn soemthing.
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I like reading this. Very interesting. I might learn soemthing.
You learn this, you could take the exam, and get another AS under your belt ;)
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DAVID ROSENHAN- ON BEING SANE IN INSANE PLACES
Aim- The aim of the study is to test whether sane individuals could be diagnosed as insane and be admitted to psychiatric hospitals.
First Study
Participants:
- Involved 8 sane people attemptiing to gain admission in 12 different hospitals in 5 different states in the USA.
- The sample consisted of a psychology graduate student in his 20s, 3 psychologists, a paediatrition, a painter, a housewife, and Rosenhan himself.
- 5 men and 3 women.
Procedure:
The pseudopatients telephoned for an appointment and on arrival at the admissions office they complained of hearing voices. They said the voice was unfamiliar and of the same sex as themselves, said "empty", "hollow", and "thud". Thus hearing voices is a symptom of schizophrenia.
The patients gave a false name and job, but all other details they gave were true. They were each told they would get discharged once the staff were convinced they were sane, so after being admitted they stop simulating any symptoms of abnormality. When asked how they were feeling by the staff, they said they were fine, and no longer experiencing symptoms.
The study is a field Experiment. The IV was the made up symptom, and the DV was whether they were admitted into hospital or not.
The study also included participant observation as the patients kept written records of the ward and how it was operated, as well as how they were treated.
Results:
-None of the peseudopatients were detected. They all remained in hospital for 7 to 52 days (avg. 19 days)
-Some real patients detected their sanity (35/118 patients voiced their suspicions)
-Other said things sch as " You're not crazy, you're a journalist or a professor checking up on the hospital."
Second Study
Procedure:
Rosenham created a lot of attention and as a result hospitals attempted to improve their procedures. He carried out a follow up investigation 3 years later.
In this study, The hospital staff were told that over the next 3 months one or more pseudo patients would attempt to gain admission. Staff members were told to rate on a 10 point scale each new patient as to the likelihood of them being a pseudo patient.
Rosenhan in fact sent NO pseudo patients
Results:
Number of Patients judged ------> 193
Number of patients confidently judged as pseudo patients by at least one staff member-------> 41
Number of patients suspected by pne psychiatrist ------> 23
Number of patients suspected by one psychiatrist AND one staff member ------> 19
Conclusion:
Rosenhan claims that the studies demonstrate that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between people who are sane and those who are insane. The main experiment illustrated a faluire to detect sanity, and the second experiment demonstrated failure to detect insanity.
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SIMON BARON-COHEN- AUTISM
Aims -The aim of the study was to develop a test for advanced theory of Mind in adults with Autism
-They hypotheses was that adults with ASD can't interpret states of mind from "reading eyes".
Participants:
- 3 groups of participants
a) ASD, 16 participants, high- functioning autism, 12 with Aspergers, 13 male, 3 female, normal intelligence (IQ = 105)
b) Normal, 50 pariticipants, 25 female, 25 male, matched on age & intelligence. No psychiatric history.
c) 10 Tourette's patients, 8 male, 2 female, matched on age&intelligence.
Method:
Natural Experiment with Matched Pair Design
DV= Performance on eye task
Four tasks presented. Eye Task, Strage stories, gender Identification, and basic emotion Task.
TO BE CONTINUED....
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SAMUEL AND BRYANT - CONSERVATION
Aim- The aim of Samuel and Bryant's Study was to challenge Piaget's findings by altering the method used by Piaget.
Particiapnts- 252 boys and girls between the ages of 5 and 8.5
- They were allin schools and playgroups in Devon.
- They were divided into 4 age groups of 63 children each.
- Each group was divided into 3 subgroups which underwent a different condition.
Procedure: The three conditions were:
1. Standard:- This is the traditional two question conservation task as carried out by Piaget. The child is asked about the size of the object before and after the shape was changed.
2. One Judgement: - This is a conservation task like the original, but this time with only one question asked, the post-transformation question. That is, the child is asked only once about the size of the object and this is after the transformation has taken place.
3. Fixed Array Control:- In this condition, the child saw no transformation and just saw the objects after thethey had been changed and not before. The purpose of this 3rd condition was to ensure that children who answered the post transformation question in the previous conditions, did so by bringing over information from the pre-transformation display.
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Three different types of material used for the conservation tasks:
a- Mass: In this task, the children in condition1 and 2 were shown 2 identical playdoh cylindrical shapes. The transformation was to squash one of these shapes so that it becomes the shape of a sausage. Children were then asked to compare the cylinder and the sausage. The children in condition 3 also made this comparison without seeing the first display.
b- Number:- In this task, children in condition 1 and 2 were shown 2 equal rows of counters of equal length arranged side-by-side in one-to-one correspondence. The rows contained 6 counters. Then one row was spread out or bunched up. The condition 3 chuldren only saw the post transformation displays.
c- Volume:-In this task, children in conditions 1 and 2 were first shown 2 identical glasses with the same amounts of liquid. The liquids from one glass was poured into a narrower one or a shallow wider one. The condition 3 children only saw the post transformation displays.
Each child was given 4 trials
3 IV's - The 3 conditions, the 4 age groups, and the 3 materials.
DV- was the number of errors made by the children
Results:
The researchers recorded the number of errors children made in the tests,
1- As predicted by S&B, children found the one judgement task significantly easier than the standard conservation task and the fixed- array control. This was true of all 3 materials.
2- There was a significant difference between the age groups, with older groups doign consistently better than the younger.
3- The children made fewer errors on the number task compared with the other two tasks.
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FREUD - LITTLE HANS
Aim- The aim of the study was to report the findings of the treatment of a 5 year old boy for his phobia of horses.
Procedure-
Freud used a case study method to investigate Little Hans phobia. The case study was carried out by the boys father who was Freud's supporter and friend.
Freud noted that it was the special relationship between Hans and his father that allowed the analuysis to progress and for the decisions with the boy to be so detailed and so intimate. The first reports of Hans are when he was 3 years old.
Results
Little Hans and his 'widdler' - When he was 3, Little Hans developed an interest in his 'widdler' (penis), and also those of other people. For example on one occasion he asked "Mummy, have you got a widdler too?"
Hans, like all small children, had an interest in that part of his body he called is widdler. He reasoned that this organ was a key distinction between animate and inanimate things. Hans observed that animals had big ones espcially an animal like a horse. He assumed that both his parents had big ones because they were fully grown.
The fear of horses"- When Hans was 5, his father write to Freud explaining his concerns about Hans. He described the main problem as: "He is afraid a horse will bite him in the street, and this fear seems somehow connected with his having been frightened by a large penis". Together, Freud and the father tried to understand what the boy was experiencing and undertook to resolve his phobia for horses.
Freud noticed that Hans fear of horses had developed just after he had experienced some anxiety dreams about loosing his mother, and around the time he had been warned about playing with his widdler. Freud argues that Little Hans, enjoyed getting into bed with his mother, had a repressed long for her, and had focused his libido (sexual energy) on her.
One month later, the correspondence revealed that the phobia was much worse. Hans father made a connection between the phobia for horses and his interest for his widdler, so he said to him, " If you don't put your hand to your widdler anymore, this nonsense will get better soon".
The giraffe Dream- Hans anxieties and his phobia continued and he was afraid to go out of the house becaus e of his phobia of horses. Hans told his father a dream he had :
"In the night, there was a big giraffe in the room and a crumpled one. The big one called out because I took the crumpled one away from it. Then it stopped calling out, and I sat on top of the crumpled one."
Freud interpreted the dream as being a reworking of the morning exchanges in the parental bed. Hans enjoyed getting into his parents bed, but his father objected. Both freud and the father believed that the giraffes long neck was a symbol of the large adult penis. However, Hans rejected this idea.
Horses and the Father- Freud suggested that this was a good opportunity to tell Hans that his fear of horses was actually fear of his father. Th eblack around the horses mouth and the blinkers in front of their eyes were symbols for his fathers mustache and glasses. Freud went on to suggest that these are "Priviliges of a grown-up" i.e to have his mothers love.
This revaluation appeared to release Hans and enable him to deal more directly with his phobia.
The resolution- Hans had always had an ongoing fantasy about his own children and how he was going to look after them. One day he was playing a game with these imaginary children and his father asked, "Are your children still alive?". Hans replied that boys couldn't have children, he had been their mummy, but now he is their daddy. This led Freud to conclude that Hans had at least over come his Oedipus Complex and was now able to identify with his father.
At the age of 19, Hans appeared at Freud's consulting room having read his case history, Has confirmed that he had suffered no troubles during adolescence and that he was fit and well. He could not remember the discussions with his father, and described his case study as it being unknown to him.
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That's great Roxy.
+rep.
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Wohoo! Increased by2!
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Thanks. I've got loads for to do though. lawl.
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FREUD - LITTLE HANS
Aim- The aim of the study was to report the findings of the treatment of a 5 year old boy for his phobia of horses.
Procedure-
Freud used a case study method to investigate Little Hans phobia. The case study was carried out by the boys father who was Freud's supporter and friend.
Freud noted that it was the special relationship between Hans and his father that allowed the analuysis to progress and for the decisions with the boy to be so detailed and so intimate. The first reports of Hans are when he was 3 years old.
Results
I have got to show this to my friends.
We are gonna die today laughing
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I have got to show this to my friends.
We are gonna die today laughing
I think he;\'s stupid. and it's like the lamest, and stupidest study ever ::)
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I think he;\'s stupid. and it's like the lamest, and stupidest study ever ::)
its fun 8)..i should perhaps borrow psychology book .-_-
+rep for wasting your brain cells on this weird crackpot
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its fun 8)..i should perhaps borrow psychology book .-_-
+rep for wasting your brain cells on this weird crackpot
ahahahhaha. =/
lol.
aww. Thanks ! (:
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DEMENT AND KLEITMAN
Aim- If you watch someone sleeping, you will sometimes see their eyelids fluttering, which is known as Rapid Eye Movement (REM).
The aim of the study was to test whether REM could tell us if someone was dreaming and what they were dreaming about.
Participants: 7 adult males, and 2 adult females.
5 were studied intensively. The other 4 were tested on one or two nights.
They had to abstain from alcohol and caffeine.
Method:
a) Physiological: There were 2 physiological measurements made
- EEG recording of the brainactivity
- Electrical activity around the yes was recorded so as to detect eye movements.
b.) Self- reports
Participants were asked by an internal phone.
These self report questions and EEG reading allowed D&K to correlate:
- REM and dreaming
-Length of REM and estimate of length of dream
- Dream of REM with content of the dream.
Results:
- 80% of participant recalled their dream when awoken in REM, however, 20% did not.
- 88.2% of participants estimated correctly thatthey were dreaming for 5 mins, however 11.8% estimated incorrectly.
- 78.3% estimated correctly that they were dreaming for 15 mins, however, 21.7% estimated incorrectly.
-REM occurred once every 92 mins.
-REM - low voltage, fast EEG
-NREM- High voltage, slow EEG
- REM ranged from 3- 50 mins. avg, of 20 mins.
Eye movements:
-Mainly vertical
-Mainly horizontal
-Both vertical and horizontal
-Very little of no movement.
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ammar told me about these notes. thank u so much
i m so wek in physocology
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ammar told me about these notes. thank u so much
i m so wek in physocology
That;s aight!
Are you taking OCR ? (:
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That;s aight!
Are you taking OCR ? (:
yep
he was writing from mobile so spellingss :p..
i distributed these notes on facebook..(dont worry i used your name by roxy on this website.)
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yep
he was writing from mobile so spellingss :p..
i distributed these notes on facebook..(dont worry i used your name by roxy on this website.)
hmm. okay. but why can't you just give them the link here ?
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hmm. okay. but why can't you just give them the link here ?
keep blocking me of facebook dude.and you will know why 8)
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BANDURA, ROSS AND ROSS
Aim- The aim of Banduras study was to find out whether children, as passive witnesses to an aggressive display shown by an adult, would imitate this aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity.
Hypotheses:
-Subjects exposed to aggressive models will reproduce aggressive acts resembling those of the models.
- The observation of non aggressive models will have a generalised inhibiting effect on the subjects subsequent behaviour.
-Subjects will imitate the behaviour of a same sex model to a greater degree than a model of the opposite sex
- Boys will imitate more aggressive behaviour than girls.
Participants:
36 girls 36 boys ages ranged between 3-5 years.
1 male adult, and 1 female adult.
Procedure:
It was a lab experiment, which had 3 conditions:
-The control group
-The group exposed to the aggressive model
-The group exposed to the passive model
a.) Aggressive model condition
- 6 boys with the same sex model
- 6 girls with the same sex model
- 6 boys with the opposite sex model
- 6 girls with the opposite sex model
b.) Non-Aggressive model condition
- 6 boys with the same sex model
- 6 girls with the same sex model
- 6 boys with the opposite sex model
- 6 girls with the opposite sex model
There are therefore 3 independent variables:
-The condition the children were exposed to
-The gender of the role model
-The gender of the child.
Results:
1. Imitative Behaviour- Those in the aggressive group imitated many of the models verbal and physical aggression, both aggressive and non aggressive behaviours in fa t 1/3 of their imitations were of non aggressive verbal behaviour.
In contrast, children in the non aggressive condition displayed very few of these behaviour.
2. Non imitative aggression: The aggressive group displayed much more non imitative aggression than the non aggressive group.
3. Non aggressive behaviour- children in the non aggressive condition spent more timeplaying non aggressively with dolls than children in the other groups, and also spent more time just sitting and playing with nothing.
4. Gender- Boys imitate more physical aggression than girls, but not verbal aggression. There was evidence of same sex effect, where boys were more likely to imitate their male role model than the female role model, and girls were more likely to imitate their female role model than the male role model.
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Coolest website for AS Psychology guys:
http://www.holah.co.uk