Qualification > Revison Notes

OCR AS Psychology Notes- 15 Studies

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Monica:
InshAllah you take the ajer for helping students.

Thanks Roxy. =] I will +rep you twice today.

Ukhti-R:
haha. aww, thank youu!

Karma action ? Spread the love ;) :P

Monica:
Okay, it increased from 166 to 171  :P

I will +rep someone else and then +rep you again for the other notes!  :D

Now your rep increases by 10 points. You have been blessed  :P :P

Ukhti-R:
Hahahah! Thank youu! <3

Ukhti-R:
PILIAVIN ET AL- GOOD SAMARITANISM

Aim- The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of helping behaviour of
       a) They type of victim (cane or drunk)
       b) They race of the victim (black or white)
The investigation wanted to know the influences of these variables on the speed, frequency, and race of the helper.
It also wanted to find out the impact of the presence of a model, also to examine the relationship of the size of the group and the frequency of helping.

Participant Observation

Participants:

- It was conducted on a New York subway over a 2 month period
- Participants were all passengers present on the train btween 11 am and 3pm
- Total of 4450 men and women
- Slightly more white than black (55%-45%)
- Approx 43 people in a compartment
- about 8.5 people in the critical area, where the incident was staged.

Procedure:

-Each trial lasted 7 1/2 mins
-Each trial consisted of 4 students (ages 24-29)
-2 girls as the observers, 1 was the confederate, and 1 was the victim.
-4 different teams
-Dressed in an Eisenhower Jacket

----

Two conditions:

The drunk condition- The victim smells of alcohol, and carries a bottle wrapped in a brown paper bag (as they do in NY)
The cane condition- The victim carries a black cane (suggests a limp)

-70 seconds after the train pulls out of the station, the victim collapses.
-If no help is offered the confederate steps in at 70 or 150 secs.
-Observers recorded how long it took for help to be given. Looked at race, gender and location of passenger in compartment.
-Observers noted any over heard converstations and comments from people sitting nearby.

Results:

-The cane recieved help 95% of the time, whereas the drunk only 50%
-Cane victim was helped within approx 5 seconds, whereas the drunk victim, 109 seconds.
-Blacks received slightly less help than the whites esp. in the drunk condition
-Neither race was more helpful, but there was the "same race effect", where blacks were more likely to help blacks, and whites were more likely to help whites.
-The study found that the more passengers who were in the critical area, the more likelu help was given, this is the reverse of the 'diffusion of responsibility'.
-90% of first helpers were male.
-Overheard comments were usually in the drunk condition. Poeple usually felt discomfort.

Conclusions:

- An emergency situation creates a sense of arousal in a bystander.
-The arousal is heightened if one feels a sense of identity with the victim, and becomes increasingly heightened the longer the emergency continues.
- The arousal can be reduced by helping.
-Action is determined by a cost-benefit analysis.

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