Qualification > Revison Notes
OCR AS Psychology Notes- 15 Studies
Ukhti-R:
SIMON BARON-COHEN- AUTISM
Aims -The aim of the study was to develop a test for advanced theory of Mind in adults with Autism
-They hypotheses was that adults with ASD can't interpret states of mind from "reading eyes".
Participants:
- 3 groups of participants
a) ASD, 16 participants, high- functioning autism, 12 with Aspergers, 13 male, 3 female, normal intelligence (IQ = 105)
b) Normal, 50 pariticipants, 25 female, 25 male, matched on age & intelligence. No psychiatric history.
c) 10 Tourette's patients, 8 male, 2 female, matched on age&intelligence.
Method:
Natural Experiment with Matched Pair Design
DV= Performance on eye task
Four tasks presented. Eye Task, Strage stories, gender Identification, and basic emotion Task.
TO BE CONTINUED....
Ukhti-R:
SAMUEL AND BRYANT - CONSERVATION
Aim- The aim of Samuel and Bryant's Study was to challenge Piaget's findings by altering the method used by Piaget.
Particiapnts- 252 boys and girls between the ages of 5 and 8.5
- They were allin schools and playgroups in Devon.
- They were divided into 4 age groups of 63 children each.
- Each group was divided into 3 subgroups which underwent a different condition.
Procedure: The three conditions were:
1. Standard:- This is the traditional two question conservation task as carried out by Piaget. The child is asked about the size of the object before and after the shape was changed.
2. One Judgement: - This is a conservation task like the original, but this time with only one question asked, the post-transformation question. That is, the child is asked only once about the size of the object and this is after the transformation has taken place.
3. Fixed Array Control:- In this condition, the child saw no transformation and just saw the objects after thethey had been changed and not before. The purpose of this 3rd condition was to ensure that children who answered the post transformation question in the previous conditions, did so by bringing over information from the pre-transformation display.
------
Three different types of material used for the conservation tasks:
a- Mass: In this task, the children in condition1 and 2 were shown 2 identical playdoh cylindrical shapes. The transformation was to squash one of these shapes so that it becomes the shape of a sausage. Children were then asked to compare the cylinder and the sausage. The children in condition 3 also made this comparison without seeing the first display.
b- Number:- In this task, children in condition 1 and 2 were shown 2 equal rows of counters of equal length arranged side-by-side in one-to-one correspondence. The rows contained 6 counters. Then one row was spread out or bunched up. The condition 3 chuldren only saw the post transformation displays.
c- Volume:-In this task, children in conditions 1 and 2 were first shown 2 identical glasses with the same amounts of liquid. The liquids from one glass was poured into a narrower one or a shallow wider one. The condition 3 children only saw the post transformation displays.
Each child was given 4 trials
3 IV's - The 3 conditions, the 4 age groups, and the 3 materials.
DV- was the number of errors made by the children
Results:
The researchers recorded the number of errors children made in the tests,
1- As predicted by S&B, children found the one judgement task significantly easier than the standard conservation task and the fixed- array control. This was true of all 3 materials.
2- There was a significant difference between the age groups, with older groups doign consistently better than the younger.
3- The children made fewer errors on the number task compared with the other two tasks.
Ukhti-R:
FREUD - LITTLE HANS
Aim- The aim of the study was to report the findings of the treatment of a 5 year old boy for his phobia of horses.
Procedure-
Freud used a case study method to investigate Little Hans phobia. The case study was carried out by the boys father who was Freud's supporter and friend.
Freud noted that it was the special relationship between Hans and his father that allowed the analuysis to progress and for the decisions with the boy to be so detailed and so intimate. The first reports of Hans are when he was 3 years old.
Results
Little Hans and his 'widdler' - When he was 3, Little Hans developed an interest in his 'widdler' (penis), and also those of other people. For example on one occasion he asked "Mummy, have you got a widdler too?"
Hans, like all small children, had an interest in that part of his body he called is widdler. He reasoned that this organ was a key distinction between animate and inanimate things. Hans observed that animals had big ones espcially an animal like a horse. He assumed that both his parents had big ones because they were fully grown.
The fear of horses"- When Hans was 5, his father write to Freud explaining his concerns about Hans. He described the main problem as: "He is afraid a horse will bite him in the street, and this fear seems somehow connected with his having been frightened by a large penis". Together, Freud and the father tried to understand what the boy was experiencing and undertook to resolve his phobia for horses.
Freud noticed that Hans fear of horses had developed just after he had experienced some anxiety dreams about loosing his mother, and around the time he had been warned about playing with his widdler. Freud argues that Little Hans, enjoyed getting into bed with his mother, had a repressed long for her, and had focused his libido (sexual energy) on her.
One month later, the correspondence revealed that the phobia was much worse. Hans father made a connection between the phobia for horses and his interest for his widdler, so he said to him, " If you don't put your hand to your widdler anymore, this nonsense will get better soon".
The giraffe Dream- Hans anxieties and his phobia continued and he was afraid to go out of the house becaus e of his phobia of horses. Hans told his father a dream he had :
"In the night, there was a big giraffe in the room and a crumpled one. The big one called out because I took the crumpled one away from it. Then it stopped calling out, and I sat on top of the crumpled one."
Freud interpreted the dream as being a reworking of the morning exchanges in the parental bed. Hans enjoyed getting into his parents bed, but his father objected. Both freud and the father believed that the giraffes long neck was a symbol of the large adult penis. However, Hans rejected this idea.
Horses and the Father- Freud suggested that this was a good opportunity to tell Hans that his fear of horses was actually fear of his father. Th eblack around the horses mouth and the blinkers in front of their eyes were symbols for his fathers mustache and glasses. Freud went on to suggest that these are "Priviliges of a grown-up" i.e to have his mothers love.
This revaluation appeared to release Hans and enable him to deal more directly with his phobia.
The resolution- Hans had always had an ongoing fantasy about his own children and how he was going to look after them. One day he was playing a game with these imaginary children and his father asked, "Are your children still alive?". Hans replied that boys couldn't have children, he had been their mummy, but now he is their daddy. This led Freud to conclude that Hans had at least over come his Oedipus Complex and was now able to identify with his father.
At the age of 19, Hans appeared at Freud's consulting room having read his case history, Has confirmed that he had suffered no troubles during adolescence and that he was fit and well. He could not remember the discussions with his father, and described his case study as it being unknown to him.
Meticulous:
That's great Roxy.
+rep.
Meticulous:
Wohoo! Increased by2!
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