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Biology Paper 1 and 3 help HERE ONLY!!!

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nid404:
this is how they exactly do it....my grandmom does it so ive asked the doc. There r 3 ways
By Joining an artery to a nearby vein, under the skin, makes a fistula. This increases
the amount of blood that flows through the vein, and makes it bigger. This is the
best access because it has fewer complications and lasts longer.
If your veins are not suitable for a fistula, then the surgeon may connect an artery
and vein with a soft plastic tube under the skin. This is called a graft.
Both the fistula and graft need time to heal and mature before they are used. The
fistula needs at least 6 weeks and a graft, at least 2 weeks before they can be used.
After the graft or fistula is mature, two needles will be placed, one on the arterial
side, and one on the venous side. The needles are connected to the tubing leading
to the dialysis machine where your blood is cleaned and returned to you.
The third type of access is a catheter. There are two kinds of catheters, temporary
and permanent. The temporary catheter is used for a very short time, one to two
weeks. They are placed in the neck or in the upper leg or groin area, and are only
used until a more permanent access is able to be placed and used. A permanent
catheter is placed in the neck vein and tunneled under the skin so it is hidden
under your clothes. It is good for about a year. This catheter is a risk for infection
and is used only until a fistula or graft can be placed.

my granny did it through the neck when she first started now it's the fistula

IGStudent09:
The human kidneys are not immune from damage. And when they are damaged and stop functioning, those toxins like urea stop being removed from the body, leading to death. There are two ways we can deal with this problem, the first being dialysis. The machine used in dialysis is called the dialysis machine, and relies on a process called dialysis to clean the blood.

A person’s blood leaves their body and flows into the machine, through partially permeable membranes. After the membranes comes the dialysis fluid, which contains a certain concentration of substances to ensure diffusion of unwanted substances from the blood into the fluid. However, glucose remains in the blood.

The dialysis machine prevents unwanted substances from building up and restores them to normal levels, so the patient can live a normal life – but they will build up again after a couple of days, which means regular dialysis must be done, which sometimes means dialysis machines are fitted in the patients’ homes. They have to remain attached to the machine for about eight hours each time.

But it is essential the patient does not lose vital substances from the blood like glucose and important mineral ions. The way this is done is by having the dialysis fluid at exactly the right concentration so there is no net movement of glucose and mineral ions from blood plasma out into the fluid. It also contains the normal content of mineral ions, so that any excess mineral ions are lost by diffusion, but no more.

There is no urea in the dialysis fluid, so there is a very strong concentration gradient for the urea – so it simply leaves the blood in its entirity.

Disadvantages of these machines include:

repeated use at 8 hours per use
must also follow a strict, healthy diet
after some years, the levels can be hard to maintain

These are some notes on dialysis machine hope you like them.

devileye:
does any 1 have a site to study igcse course online if plz sum1 has ...post it asap!!!.plzzz :-\

nid404:
i don't really know but check this site http://www.nec.ac.uk/courses/category-browse?usca_p=t&category_id=3304

Kim:
in which structures are simple sugars produced?
chloroplasts
cytoplasm
vacuole

at which level of organisation is an artery
cell
organ
organ system
tissue

what is the source of energy for water plants
mineral salts
small fish
sunlight
water

help sum1

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