Qualification > Sciences
ALL CIE BIOLOGY DOUBTS HERE !!!
Dania:
Explain why it has proved difficult to develop a vaccine for malaria. [4 marks]
elemis:
P. falciparum has demonstrated the capability, through the development of multiple drug-resistance parasites, of evolutionary change. The Plasmodium species has a very high rate of replication, much higher than that actually needed to ensure transmission in the parasite’s life cycle. This enables pharmaceutical treatments that are effective at reducing the reproduction rate, but not halting it, to exert a high selection pressure, thus favoring the development of resistance. The process of evolutionary change is one of the key considerations necessary when considering potential vaccine candidates. The development of resistance could cause a significant reduction in efficacy of any potential vaccine thus rendering useless a carefully developed and effective treatment.
From wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_vaccine#The_diversity_of_the_parasite
**RoRo**:
Okay, this is one the points I came across while going through the syllabus under 'Infectious Diseases':
Describe the roles of social, economic and biological factors in the prevention and control of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS.
Can anyone explain what is meant by that and what do we need to know?
Thank you in advance!! :)
Deadly_king:
--- Quote from: The Secret on November 12, 2010, 10:30:44 am ---Okay, this is one the points I came across while going through the syllabus under 'Infectious Diseases':
Describe the roles of social, economic and biological factors in the prevention and control of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS.
Can anyone explain what is meant by that and what do we need to know?
Thank you in advance!! :)
--- End quote ---
These are not specifically found in the syllabus but you're supposed to know how and where these particular diseases are transmitted. This will help you to answer this question.
I'll take one by one, and i'll try to elaborate a bit.
1. Cholera
You should know that this disease is transmitted by fecal-oral route and the main mode of transmission is ingestion of contaminated water or food. It is most prevalent in places that lack adequate sanitary conditions.
Social factors : Sensitisation programmes must be launched through out the whole society so as to educate the inhabitants about the mode of transmission and cure of this disease in order that each one of them take precautions.
Economic : The states should provide money to afford the drugs or vaccine required to combat the disease.
Biological : The person should be in good health so that his immune system is effective against the disease.
2. Malaria
You must know the main preventive measures against malaria are the elimination of the vector mosquito, treatment of infected people, avoidance of the mosquito bite, information for travelers to endemic areas and the use of preventive medicines.
Social factors : Wear long sleeved shirts, take precautionary measures against mosquitoes.
Economic : Funds from the states.
Biological : Effective immune system.
3. Tuberculosis
You should be aware that tuberculosis is highly contagious, transmitted by air route through sneezes and coughs from a person with the active disease. Transmission is common between members of the same family or even in work environments. The disease today has treatment with efficient antibiotics. Generally, the patient receives three different drugs for several months until healing is complete. There are however some strains of multi-resistant TB-bacteria that emerged by mutation and natural selection due to the intense use of antibiotic drugs mainly in hospitals and treatment facilities; in these cases the treatment is more difficult.
Social factors : Again sensitisation programmes to isolate persons affected as the disease is highly contagious by air.
Economic : Funds should be provided by the governement.
Biological : Everyone should be in good health in order to contain e very effective immune system.
4. HIV/AIDS
You must be aware that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is supposed to be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions and maternal milk.
Social factors : Avoid from having various sex partners.
Economic : Condoms or pills should be readily available.
Biological : Do not risk the life of a baby.
As you can note, most of the factors resemble for most diseases but still you can opt for more appropriate ones according to the diseases' mode of transmission. ;)
**RoRo**:
--- Quote from: Deadly_king on November 12, 2010, 11:17:57 am ---These are not specifically found in the syllabus but you're supposed to know how and where these particular diseases are transmitted. This will help you to answer this question.
I'll take one by one, and i'll try to elaborate a bit.
1. Cholera
You should know that this disease is transmitted by fecal-oral route and the main mode of transmission is ingestion of contaminated water or food. It is most prevalent in places that lack adequate sanitary conditions.
Social factors : Sensitisation programmes must be launched through out the whole society so as to educate the inhabitants about the mode of transmission and cure of this disease in order that each one of them take precautions.
Economic : The states should provide money to afford the drugs or vaccine required to combat the disease.
Biological : The person should be in good health so that his immune system is effective against the disease.
2. Malaria
You must know the main preventive measures against malaria are the elimination of the vector mosquito, treatment of infected people, avoidance of the mosquito bite, information for travelers to endemic areas and the use of preventive medicines.
Social factors : Wear long sleeved shirts, take precautionary measures against mosquitoes.
Economic : Funds from the states.
Biological : Effective immune system.
3. Tuberculosis
You should be aware that tuberculosis is highly contagious, transmitted by air route through sneezes and coughs from a person with the active disease. Transmission is common between members of the same family or even in work environments. The disease today has treatment with efficient antibiotics. Generally, the patient receives three different drugs for several months until healing is complete. There are however some strains of multi-resistant TB-bacteria that emerged by mutation and natural selection due to the intense use of antibiotic drugs mainly in hospitals and treatment facilities; in these cases the treatment is more difficult.
Social factors : Again sensitisation programmes to isolate persons affected as the disease is highly contagious by air.
Economic : Funds should be provided by the governement.
Biological : Everyone should be in good health in order to contain e very effective immune system.
4. HIV/AIDS
You must be aware that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is supposed to be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions and maternal milk.
Social factors : Avoid from having various sex partners.
Economic : Condoms or pills should be readily available.
Biological : Do not risk the life of a baby.
As you can note, most of the factors resemble for most diseases but still you can opt for more appropriate ones according to the diseases' mode of transmission. ;)
--- End quote ---
So this point in the syllabus just means that we suggest a social, economical and a biological preventive measure to combat these diseases?
Thank you VERY VERY MUCH for your help!! :D
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